TALES FROM ISTANBUL

By Jo-Anna Buckland

(Co-host of Water of Eden)

In late July my husband and I heard about a symposium being held in Istanbul in Early August 1999 by a group called Perfect Science.

Their products were touted to heal many planetary woes, including the ability to douse landfill fires, turn grease and sludge into crystal clear water with only harmless amino and fatty acids remaining, and clean buildings corroded with acid rain and pollution. Since our business involves remediating grease and sludge with a microbial product, I was very interested in seeing for myself, so with expedited passports we left Hawaii to journey half-way around the world.
Not knowing anything about that part of the world, we were pleasantly surprised to find Istanbul an exciting exotic place with friendly helpful people. At times when asking for directions with my map and sign language, a total stranger would walk us to our destination. The people lit up like children with our meager attempts to speak the language. The women were beautiful and the men were gentlemen.

We stayed at the cozy Hotel Londra, a 125 year old building in the heart of old Istanbul, which overlooks the Golden Horn. I was awed by the Blue Mosque and felt the spirit of the extensive workmanship of the tiles and sense of the many who have prayed there.

While attending the business meetings and experiencing first hand the Perfect Science products, all of my doubts dissolved. I realized the Perfect Science technology could give the people of this planet a chance to clean waterways, buildings, extinguish forest, landfill and refinery fires and even clean the ozone. Their information exceeded my wildest expectations.

During this time I met people from all over the world, and learned about the Planet Water. It has been called Super-ionized Water; Mother’s Water and many other names. Many people told me their experiences, but I needed to see for myself. I began to take the water, which comes in a 3-ounce bottle and is activated with a gallon of spring water. I immediately felt energized with a feeling of peaceful alertness I had not achieved even after 25 years of meditation.

After taking the water a few days I was reading on the balcony in the hot sun and pulled off my glasses. I was shocked! I had my non-prescription sunglasses on! I had not read anything smaller than my thumb without reading glasses in over ten years.

I feel blessed with the knowledge of this water and the ability to distribute it to friends, family and others worldwide.

Joanne Buckland contacting us.

Thank you, for considering becoming a distributor of Perfect Science Water. We can truly say that the Ayterion Agua AD Perfect Science A.D. Eco-Systems Balance products are some of the most influential to appear on the market in many years.

Ayterion Agua AD, Inc., Perfect Science A.D. is a Turkish-American research and development company. Its origin started with the formation of the Ayhan Doyuk Group of Companies in 1992. In l996, Perfect Science A.D. was established and received full permission from the Turkish Standards Institute to use their purification formulas in commercial application for global ecological cleanup. Perfect Science A.D. has developed bio-health products that are distributed through Perfect Science A.D. Eco-System Balance.

Perfect Science owns the technology, it is scientifically based and the proprietary process is labeled "Ayhanized". Perfect Science is a research and development

Saturday, August 25, 2012

The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald The pople who recuse the ship all knew Kevin and Brought him him Keys West The Treasurey Man

Top Tracks for Neil Diamond (playlist)

Top 16 Jewish Singers

Sunday, April 1, 2012

Tila Tequila: What Caused Her Brain Aneurysm After Exposing the Illumina...

Dear Wanda and Peter,

In regards to your request for number 6,7,8 & 9 on your email.

I will not follow what Ayhan Doyuk was doing. He is in trouble because of him doing these” magic shows”. He has diverted science and endangered people and research.

The products he is talking about are not stable; he cannot fulfill contracts because of this. This was never approved; never verified by science.

There has been a contractual agreement between the late Dr. Arlene Lennox and Dr. Silvia Tomic that I will not divert from! Dr. Michael Mickley addressed this issue because he does understand the serious implications of what Ayhan Doyuk is doing.

This “ freak” magic show has endangered people and science.

Drink the formulas that have research behind them and use the household products that will go through the sewers and make a difference on the planet! This is always the way that we were to educate the people and will continue to educate; because this is the truth and the right way!

I will not exploit like Ayhan Doyuk; NO ! He destroys by creating a “panacea”; this is not right and is breaking the law.

He misrepresents information such as showing the light bulb; which only was to be showing that in the pristine state, that was a longtime ago this could be possible.

Get “ back on track”. Watch the videos; not follow Ayhan Doyuk the thief who has an occult following.

I brought this technology to Turkey not to cater to occult people.

We need to give credit to science the real spiritual people.

Ayhan Doyuk goes to jail because he attacked science, stole, committed fraud, attacks others, takes credit for the work of others, keeps people hostage for three days, etc.; I will not follow his ways.

These, witches etc. that follow and conspire with Ayhan Doyuk need to have their names given to the police; they are involved/ those in Germany.

We need to move forward with the truth and in the proper direction!

Thursday, March 29, 2012

Perfect Science

4:05 PM (16 hours ago)

to corpstratcom, MEW_7, Michelle, mortgagejustic., bcc: ayhandoyuk,

bcc: info, bcc: Prevent Abducti.

, bcc: Marcelia, bcc: past1one, bcc: Mount, bcc: vmccordall, bcc: kuwaitACS, bcc: consular, bcc: Carl.Alexandre, bcc: consulate.losa.
corpstratcom

--

Dear Eric ,

How about not watching us and putting together a system with Jim
does Shelia or any of u have money to do that

Jim number is 1-815-723-2909

And get over Eva what you did not me u
PerfectScience 4:18 PM (15 hours ago)
http://forums.comicbookresources.com/archive/index.php/t-186674.html -- =====...
PerfectScience

6:42 PM (13 hours ago)

to corpstratcom, MEW_7, Michelle, mortgagejustic.

Summary

Sacredhoop.org is a domain controlled by three domain name servers at phase8.net. All three of them are on the same IP network. The primary name server is ns0.phase8.net. Incoming mail for sacredhoop.org is handled by two mail servers at hosts.co.uk. Both are on the same IP network. sacredhoop.org has one IP number (85.233.160.70) , but the reverse is lb1.namesco.net.

Flamenewmedia.com, adoptioncontactregister.com, bigtomatocompany.com, go-straight.com, 1984-online.com and at least 47 other hosts point to the same IP and also shares both name servers and mail servers. Mileridge.com, acap.com, mayoengineering.com, idanceirish.com, camelford.org and at least 49 other hosts point to the same IP and also shares name servers. Fareworldtravel.com, asadcarpets.com, mazemaker.com, greevesmotorcyclesltd.com, rollershutterdoors.com and at least 138 other hosts point to the same IP and also shares mail servers. Cricketcoachingmats.com, dotdomainnames.info, kcsgroup.com, annehouse.com, audixusa.com and at least 199 other hosts point to the same IP. Idcsl.com, hardy3d.com, ashtead.com, acpservices.com, phase8.net and at least 60 other hosts share both name servers and mail servers with this domain. Maxnet.info, osamasaeed.org, bohlinusa.com, cognica.com, markpaton.com and at least 199 other hosts share name servers with this domain. Aikonmedia.com, omologato-ni.com, oakonline.net, moortek.co.uk and thehomebakery.co.uk share name servers under another name with this domain. Anonplayers.com, alvinstardust.com, itiuk.com, tier2.org, benmo.com and at least 197 other hosts share mail servers with this domain. Screendragon.net, keysheets.org, prizepropertyinthesun.com, morleyias.com, billingley.com and at least 118 other hosts share mail servers under another name with this domain. Www.sacredhoop.org are subdomains to this hostname.

You might also be interested in domains looking similar: sacredhonor.org, sacredhoop.com, sacredhoop.org.uk and sacredhomes.org or the competitors: shamanlinks.net, metista.com, shamanism.com, pathofthefeather.com, shamana.co.uk and shamanism.org. Also check www.sacredhoop.org.

Sacredhoop.org is ranked #3346647 world wide and is hosted on a server in United Kingdom. It has gained 172 inlinks over a period of eleven years.

Trustworthiness and privacy of this site is good. (more on reputation).It is not listed in any blacklists.It is listed in Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Shamanism.Search for sacredhoop.org.

Categories
Society > Religion_and_Spirituality > Shamanism

Domain Name Alexa Similar
shamanlinks.net X
metista.com X
shamanism.com X
pathofthefeather.com X
shamana.co.uk X
shamanism.org X

Reputation:
Source Result
WOT not yet known
BLACKLIST

md5:fdbdb367972a7b799679f131e2a14754:acredhoop.org
md5:11bd530e509ad87043ce944226c7934a:ascredhoop.org
md5:5a445d710ae24cd276062b0c84850838:org
md5:9ac79d7a60573d0e03beb1845a1ae76d:saacredhoop.org
md5:d4b033cc78a38af17be323c43036a62d:saccredhoop.org
md5:05d38209e87c8a417128d04f0c6e3d6f:sacedhoop.org
md5:a435fc13584a7f7272b812e9d28c3d0d:sacerdhoop.org
md5:e34908c879367279824c39fe0cc057b1:sacrdehoop.org
md5:5fe0fa81c3d67c1fe3518b732d7827ef:sacrdhoop.org
md5:7b0b9cd801d7f89a0f7ac5ddb538f43c:sacreddhoop.org
md5:01eae9d75b3438f85d7d9f25c4b741f9:sacredhhoop.org
md5:cc84bfa04b879ad124e0acb99f42dfee:sacredhoo.org
md5:b048953464d0ea5d962507ac06945b43:sacredhoo.porg
md5:66cfaa6e00555530ffec8317d552df0b:sacredhooop.org
md5:233dfe24f34cca7ee516aaa5a7717c18:sacredhoop
md5:9a27f0b2cf39abb1874a3a451927b0fa:sacredhoop..org
md5:c67e93fe9b5d5845fc7408c34e26f819:sacredhoop.og
md5:c76de88129dbbe7790e13d324651f5e3:sacredhoop.ogr
md5:0a22d9a923cf8212f1acdfa64aef1f91:sacredhoop.oorg
md5:bf30bdc4cf18c75976d8343483a629d4:sacredhoop.or
md5:5d55f7d63b7ce3552aa7ff5f2e738a9e:sacredhoop.org
md5:b0ceb66d45e2b55c0f9f64a9fdcfdff1:sacredhoop.orgg
md5:00ba8e8f9a6858623fa129f42632e118:sacredhoop.orrg
md5:eed5dfcd4ffbef990b73cbe0d90eedfd:sacredhoop.rg
md5:139aad3ba7cde570d08eb74a19ec0b04:sacredhoop.rog
md5:a7b101457d1cd052db0f8f9cab3c0956:sacredhoopo.rg
md5:3893bd936033dc03904373fee260036c:sacredhooporg
md5:ce27b387bbdc73d408e15fa239b35064:sacredhoopp.org
md5:fb267fbb0dc5c0c0094f6c1d38700568:sacredhop.org
md5:82f4af169375d01c5c3ab1b2b86d9bc8:sacredhopo.org
md5:970b47f91110275dd54077733c8ddee9:sacredohop.org
md5:6504736d558d885a428f064d9622fc7b:sacredoop.org
md5:b883f875a3553ea84a512e0f2bee3fca:sacreedhoop.org
md5:8702fc73d399136cfe89e412e73ff9e4:sacrehdoop.org
md5:20759059f0db472671f2d0241b6ec261:sacrehoop.org
md5:bc5a902039c78bec34c609eb16797aab:sacrredhoop.org
md5:ef444cb544fa658e6fd233b5300f6e95:sarcedhoop.org
md5:75b9e24e801267d15e22fc0c956a15a8:saredhoop.org
md5:a2f157c3062c3ec9cccb42175706bb44:scaredhoop.org
md5:3801053b69be1d8f87bf79d6857a57b3:scredhoop.org
md5:189de95d489e7396b4b56e8507271a0b:ssacredhoop.org
Result
The following pages contain combined information gathered by searching several sources.
Navigate between the pages by clicking on the tabs above.
Or view all tabs at once

Source Date Information
rbls.org Mar 28, 2012 10:41:10 PM Blacklistings

Mar 28, 2012 10:41:10 PM Visible DNS Information
Alexa Mar 28, 2012 10:41:10 PM Description, ranking and other stats
WOT Mar 28, 2012 10:41:10 PM Reputation

More pages on the Internet describing the domain sacredhoop.org:
Google Safe Browsing | McAfee SiteAdvisor | Norton Safe Web | Web of Trust | rbls.org
Alexa | DNS Tree | Whois info | Domain Info API | More...
Base Record Name IP Reverse Route AS
sacredhoop.org a 85.233.160.70
United Kingdom
lb1.namesco.net 85.233.160.0/19
Namesco Limited
AS8622
ISIONUK Namesco Limited Formerly NDO Limited Formerly ISION Internet Plc Formerly NetDirect Internet Ltd UK ISP Main AS
ns-soa ns0.phase8.net
23 hours old
85.233.160.69
United Kingdom
ns ns0.phase8.net
23 hours old
85.233.160.69
United Kingdom
ns1.phase8.net
25 days old
85.233.160.68
United Kingdom
ns2.phase8.net
1 day old
85.233.164.62
United Kingdom
mx 30 athena.hosts.co.uk
4 hours old
85.233.160.20
United Kingdom
30 hermes.hosts.co.uk
9 days old
85.233.160.21
United Kingdom
org
38 minutes old
ns-soa a0.org.afilias-nst.info
14 hours old
199.19.56.1
Canada
199.19.56.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:e::1
-
(none)
?
ns d0.org.afilias-nst.org
16 hours old
199.19.57.1
Canada
199.19.57.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:f::1
-
(none)
?
a2.org.afilias-nst.info
1 day old
199.249.112.1
Canada
199.249.112.0/24
Afilias Canada, Corp.
AS42
Packet Clearing House - www.pch.net
2001:500:40::1
-
(none)
?
b2.org.afilias-nst.org
2 days old
199.249.120.1
Canada
199.249.120.0/24
Afilias Canada, Corp.
AS42
Packet Clearing House - www.pch.net
2001:500:48::1
-
(none)
?
a0.org.afilias-nst.info
14 hours old
199.19.56.1
Canada
199.19.56.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:e::1
-
(none)
?
b0.org.afilias-nst.org
1 day old
199.19.54.1
Canada
199.19.54.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:c::1
-
(none)
?
c0.org.afilias-nst.info
21 hours old
199.19.53.1
Canada
c0.org.afilias-nst.org 199.19.53.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:b::1
-
(none)
?
org.afilias-nst.info info afilias-nst.info afilias-nst.org org.afilias-nst.org net phase8.net uk hosts.co.uk co.uk
Graph

sacredhoop.org
IP numbers of host (1 item)

85.233.160.70

PTRs of IP numbers (1 item)

lb1.namesco.net

Host names sharing IP with A records (219 items)

123-web-hosting.co.uk
123domainnames.co.uk
1984-online.com
a1grafters.com
a1learners.com
abacusgas.com
acap.com
acpservices.com
actalpha.com
adoptioncontactregister.com
aesdent.com
airadsimages.com
airsupply.uk.com
ajallan.com
alancrowe.com
alcoms.com
alnpete.co.uk
alvinstardust.com
amyforrest.com
andrewglockhart.co.uk
andrewmckellar.com
andyowen.co.uk
aneat.com
annabelsmassage.co.uk
annehouse.com
arbitrator-uk.com
argoflares.com
arhltd.com
asadcarpets.com
ascotex.com
astralaspects.com
atmosphereservices.com
audixusa.com
austinhealeyclub.com
avantihypnotherapy.com
bakersteelcap.com
balanescu.com
ballet-ireland.com
bandogoccasions.com
baobab-solutions.com
basinga.org.uk
bathroomstudio.com
beaconsfc.com
bedfordharriers.co.uk
befirstuk.com
benmo.com
bgn.co.uk
bigtomatocompany.com
billybuffbears.com
birchallgreenfarm.co.uk
bitlessequitation.co.uk
blackpool-hotels.biz
bmwz1.co.uk
bobcrooks.com
boblea.com
brindley.co.uk
burfordsecretarial.co.uk
camelford.org
cariaddesigns.co.uk
castlewardopera.com
centurion-systems.co.uk
chedhamsyard.org
chemicalcontrols.co.uk
chemistshield.co.uk
choicesmobility.com
cjmachinery.co.uk
clackson.com
classicaeromodels.co.uk
clicknames.net
commercialriggingservices.co.uk
cordrey.co.uk
cornishfood.org.uk
cotswoldwildlifepark.co.uk
countynannies.co.uk
cricketcoachingmats.com
cvsvans.co.uk
danceschool.biz
davidspinner.co.uk
debbiemccarthypr.co.uk
docleaf.com
domaincontrolpanel.co.uk
domainhost.co.uk
domainnameregistration.me.uk
dotdomainnames.info
dungenesslighthouse.com
dusktildawn-ents.co.uk
energyins.org.uk
epistem.co.uk
euromedia.co.uk
ewecarpets.com
fareworldtravel.com
flamenewmedia.com
frogsgalore.com
fssystems.co.uk
ftp.phase2.co.uk
funandgames.org
gabonmagazine.com
geofcox.info
georgiewelch.com
go-straight.com
gracevineyard.co.uk
greevesmotorcyclesltd.com
haddenham.org
hahf.org.uk
hajat.co.uk
harborough-anglican.org.uk
hash.co.uk
hdv.co.uk
hodges.uk.com
holt-studios.co.uk
horla.co.uk
ice4hair-beauty.co.uk
idanceirish.com
imex-group.com
insidetheworkbox.co.uk
irish-thatched-cottage.com
ision.co.uk
ision.net.uk
itiuk.com
jandel.co.uk
john-knapton.com
johnlyallarchitects.com
jopalma.co.uk
kcsgroup.com
keithhinchliffe.com
knowyourantiques.com
landmarksystems.co.uk
lb1.namesco.net
llgs.org.uk
lochnell.co.uk
lombardhousehotel.com
looeholidayapartments.co.uk
lysh.co.uk
masala.uk.com
mayoengineering.com
mazemaker.com
mileridge.com
mjstar.co.uk
mortontraditional.co.uk
namesco.net
namesweb.co.uk
ndirect.co.uk
ndtilda.co.uk
net2.co.uk
netdirect-online.co.uk
netdirect.net.uk
networkinstruments.fr
newtyne.com
nickfaldo.co.uk
nigelatkinson.biz
nornirtech.co.uk
parhamairfieldmuseum.co.uk
peach.uk.com
phase8.net
pilatesnorthwest.co.uk
predator-fishing.co.uk
quark-training.co.uk
rdmor.com
rightontheline.com
rollershutterdoors.com
royalchequers.co.uk
saveanddrive.co.uk
scratchmedia.co.uk
sharperdigital.com
shindig-magazine.com
signsofexcellence.co.uk
simplynames.co.uk
sjmlandscape.co.uk
skinlaserclinic.co.uk
smartchoiceuk.com
sosl.net
southlakeslodges.co.uk
spear.org.uk
staycoolac.co.uk
steelpulse.ndonet.com
steetleydolomite.com
stmaryscambridge.co.uk
swccc.net
tealefenning.co.uk
teapottrail.co.uk
thewhitehorsehotel.co.uk
tier2.org
tttank.co.uk
tunstall.us
wealth-creation.co.uk
weaponstorage.co.uk
wiegold.co.uk
www.a1learners.com
www.abacusgas.com
www.acpservices.com
www.actalpha.com
www.alnpete.co.uk
www.alvinstardust.com
www.annabelsmassage.co.uk
www.arhltd.com
www.astralaspects.com
www.blackpool-hotels.biz
www.cricketcoachingmats.com
www.funandgames.org
www.georgiewelch.com
www.gkm.co.uk
www.image-update.co.uk
www.intelligent-fitness.co.uk
www.j-bltd.co.uk
www.jandel.co.uk
www.mjstar.co.uk
www.motorcast.com
www.namesweb.co.uk
www.net2.co.uk
www.ocicat.org
www.phase2.co.uk
www.scratchmedia.co.uk
www.smartchoiceuk.com
www.spencerbird.co.uk
www.staycoolac.co.uk
www.stocktake.co.uk
www.wealth-creation.co.uk
www.weaponstorage.co.uk
yorkshire-holiday.co.uk

A of PTR of A (1 item)

85.233.160.70

Name servers used by this domain (3 items)

ns0.phase8.net
ns1.phase8.net
ns2.phase8.net

Domains sharing name servers (219 items)

10tele.com
110sport.com
160.233.85.in-addr.arpa
164.233.85.in-addr.arpa
175.84.212.in-addr.arpa
190-233-85.staticip.namesco.net
1984-online.com
255-7-195.staticip.namesco.net
4pixels.com
64.246.213.in-addr.arpa
a1learners.com
a2b2u.com
aardpress.com
absencemanager.com
acap.com
acpservices.com
adept-recruitment.co.uk
adoptioncontactregister.com
adrianaco.com
advebhosts.co.uk
airadsimages.com
alcoms.com
allseasonsltd.co.uk
alnpete.co.uk
alpine-property.com
andoverrfc.com
arbitrator-uk.com
asbestosvictimadvice.com
ascotex.com
ashbys-tring.co.uk
ashtead.com
asiansounddj.co.uk
associa.co.uk
back2go.com
backpackersconnected.com
bakersteelcap.com
basinga.org.uk
bigtomatocompany.com
birchallgreenfarm.co.uk
blackpig.co.uk
blackpool-hotels.biz
blm.co.uk
bluefoxtech.co.uk
bobcarlosclarke.com
bohlinusa.com
buildgreen.ndo.co.uk
byrom.plc.uk
c2kni.org.uk
c4dportal.com
cadogantate.co.uk
cadogantate.com
caisterholidays.co.uk
calluk.com
camelford.org
castlewardopera.com
choicesmobility.com
cjmachinery.co.uk
clarkhowes.com
classicaeromodels.co.uk
clevelandbridge.com
cobbatoncombat.co.uk
cognica.com
commercialriggingservices.co.uk
confetti.co.uk
cosmic-solutions.co.uk
cosmic-solutions.com
countynannies.co.uk
dandi.me.uk
daynet.co.uk
domaincontrolpanel.co.uk
drivingacademy.ndo.co.uk
ds3ps.co.uk
duncantrillo.co.uk
dusktildawn-ents.co.uk
easykey.com
edco.co.uk
energyins.org.uk
englishbanana.com
enviroloop.com
etheios.com
evoxus.com
excelearnt.co.uk
exmoorhotels.com
eyevinearchive.com
findel-education.co.uk
findel.co.uk
flamenewmedia.com
flashyplates.co.uk
flirtyordirty.co.uk
fly-catcher.co.uk
fredjmalcolm.com
free-webtv.net
fresh-cut.co.uk
freshretailventures.com
fssystems.co.uk
futureroute.co.uk
g2kdesign.co.uk
gabonmagazine.com
gazellebooks.co.uk
gctc.co.uk
glendale.uk.net
glsed.co.uk
go-straight.com
grannybuttons.com
grapevine.uk.com
haiths.com
haltonhousing.org
hamels.co.uk
hammonds.com
hammonds.de
hardy3d.com
hdv.co.uk
helenjayne.com
highposition.net
hodges.uk.com
hosts.co.uk
hosts.ision.net.uk
hurb.org
idanceirish.com
idcsl.com
image-mark.com
imex-group.com
ision.net.uk
ismbs.com
jamieoliver.com
jerryshomestore.com
kaspencersw.ndirect.co.uk
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IP numbers of name servers (3 items)

85.233.160.68
85.233.160.69
85.233.164.62

Reverse names of the name servers (3 items)

ns0.phase8.net
ns1.phase8.net
ns2.phase8.net

...

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md5:3940ed728b1da95a2dfddc718a6980c4:asiianadvisor.org
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md5:56841bc9afff3df2e9f2aa22602dce1a:assianadvisor.org
md5:5a445d710ae24cd276062b0c84850838:org
md5:509fa5aa9d60d5d6dc4ad67ef6914063:saianadvisor.org
md5:7149f65eaa9edc79daeafdb2dce3dd47:sianadvisor.org
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org
2 hours old
ns-soa a0.org.afilias-nst.info
15 hours old
199.19.56.1
Canada
199.19.56.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:e::1
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(none)
?
ns d0.org.afilias-nst.org
18 hours old
199.19.57.1
Canada
199.19.57.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:f::1
-
(none)
?
a2.org.afilias-nst.info
1 day old
199.249.112.1
Canada
199.249.112.0/24
Afilias Canada, Corp.
AS42
Packet Clearing House - www.pch.net
2001:500:40::1
-
(none)
?
b2.org.afilias-nst.org
2 days old
199.249.120.1
Canada
199.249.120.0/24
Afilias Canada, Corp.
AS42
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2001:500:48::1
-
(none)
?
a0.org.afilias-nst.info
15 hours old
199.19.56.1
Canada
199.19.56.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:e::1
-
(none)
?
b0.org.afilias-nst.org
1 day old
199.19.54.1
Canada
199.19.54.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:c::1
-
(none)
?
c0.org.afilias-nst.info
22 hours old
199.19.53.1
Canada
c0.org.afilias-nst.org 199.19.53.0/24
REACH (Customer Route)
AS12041
AFILIAS-NST Afilias Limited - Prefixes announced from this origin AS are anycast from several places. See RFC 4787. -
2001:500:b::1
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(none)
?
info afilias-nst.info org.afilias-nst.info afilias-nst.org org.afilias-nst.org
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asianadvisor.org
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Islamic banking

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)
Banking
A series on financial services
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v
t
e

Islamic banking (or participant banking) (Arabic: المصرفية الإسلامية‎) is banking or banking activity that is consistent with the principles of Islamic law (Sharia) and its practical application through the development of Islamic economics. Sharia prohibits the fixed or floating payment or acceptance of specific interest or fees (known as Riba or usury) for loans of money. Investing in businesses that provide goods or services considered contrary to Islamic principles is also Haraam (forbidden). While these principles may have been applied to historical Islamic economies, it is only in the late 20th century that a number of Islamic banks were formed to apply these principles to private or semi-private commercial institutions within the Muslim community.[1][2]
[hide]

1 History of Islamic banking
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Riba
1.2 Modern Islamic banking
1.2.1 Largest Islamic banks
2 Principles
3 Shariah Advisory Council/Consultant
4 Islamic Financial Accounting Standards
5 Fundamentals of Islamic finance
6 Usury in Islam
7 Islamic financial transaction terminology
7.1 Bai' al 'inah (sale and buy-back agreement)
7.2 Bai' bithaman ajil (deferred payment sale)
7.3 Bai' muajjal (credit sale)
7.4 Musharakah
7.5 Mudarabah
7.6 Murabahah
7.7 Musawamah
7.8 Bai Salam
7.8.1 Basic features and conditions of Salam
7.9 Hibah (gift)
7.10 Ijarah
7.10.1 Ijarah thumma al bai' (hire purchase)
7.10.2 Ijarah-wal-iqtina
7.11 Musharakah (joint venture)
7.12 Qard hassan/ Qardul hassan (good loan/benevolent loan)
7.13 Sukuk (Islamic bonds)
7.14 Takaful (Islamic insurance)
7.15 Wadiah (safekeeping)
7.16 Wakalah (power of attorney)
8 Islamic equity funds
9 Islamic derivatives
10 Islamic laws on trading
11 Microfinance
12 Controversy
13 See also
14 Notes
15 Further reading
16 External links

[edit] Introduction

An early market economy and an early form of mercantilism were developed between the 8th-12th centuries, which some refer to as "Islamic capitalism".[3] The monetary economy of the period was based on the widely circulated currency the gold dinar, and it tied together regions that were previously economically independent.

A number of economic concepts and techniques were applied in early Islamic banking, including bills of exchange, partnership (mufawada) such as limited partnerships (mudaraba), and forms of capital (al-mal), capital accumulation (nama al-mal),[4] cheques, promissory notes,[5] trusts (see Waqf),[6] transactional accounts, loaning, ledgers and assignments.[7] Organizational enterprises independent from the state also existed in the medieval Islamic world, while the agency institution was also introduced during that time.[8][9] Many of these early capitalist concepts were adopted and further advanced in medieval Europe from the 13th century onwards.[4]
[edit] Riba

The word "Riba" means excess, increase or addition, which according to Shariah terminology, implies any excess compensation without due consideration (consideration does not include time value of money). The definition of riba in classical Islamic jurisprudence was "surplus value without counterpart", or "to ensure equivalency in real value", and that "numerical value was immaterial."

Applying interest was acceptable under some circumstances. Currencies that were based on guarantees by a government to honor the stated value (i.e. fiat currency) or based on other materials such as paper or base metals were allowed to have interest applied to them.[10] When base metal currencies were first introduced in the Islamic world, the question of "paying a debt in a higher number of units of this fiat money being riba" was not relevant as the jurists only needed to be concerned with the real value of money (determined by weight only) rather than the numerical value. For example, it was acceptable for a loan of 1000 gold dinars to be paid back as 1050 dinars of equal aggregate weight (i.e., the value in terms of weight had to be same because all makes of coins did not carry exactly similar weight)....
[edit] Modern Islamic banking

(1946), Naiem Siddiqi (1948) and Mahmud Ahmad (1952) in the late forties, followed by a more elaborate exposition by Mawdudi in 1950.[citation needed] The writings of Muhammad Hamidullah 1944, 1955, 1957 and 1962 should be included in this category.[citation needed] They have all recognised the need for commercial banks and their perceived "necessary evil," have proposed a banking system based on the concept of Mudarabha - profit and loss sharing.[citation needed]

In the next two decades interest-free banking attracted more attention, partly because of the political interest it created in Pakistan and partly because of the emergence of young Muslim economists. Works specifically devoted to this subject began to appear in this period. The first such work is that of Muhammad Uzair (1955).[citation needed] Another set of works emerged in the late sixties and early seventies. Abdullah al-Araby (1967), Nejatullah Siddiqi (1961, 1969), al-Najjar (1971) and Baqir al-Sadr (1961, 1974) were the main contributors.[citation needed]

The early 1970s saw institutional involvement. The Conference of the Finance Ministers of the Islamic Countries held in Karachi in 1970, the Egyptian study in 1972, the First International Conference on Islamic Economics in Mecca in 1976, and the International Economic Conference in London in 1977 were the result of such involvement. The involvement of institutions and governments led to the application of theory to practice and resulted in the establishment of the first interest-free banks. The Islamic Development Bank, an inter-governmental bank established in 1975, was born of this process.[11]

The first modern experiment with Islamic banking was undertaken in Egypt under cover without projecting an Islamic image—for fear of being seen as a manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism that was anathema to the political regime.[citation needed] The pioneering effort, led by Ahmad Elnaggar, took the form of a savings bank based on profit-sharing in the Egyptian town of Mit Ghamr in 1963. This experiment lasted until 1967 (Ready 1981), by which time there were nine such banks in country.[12]
[icon] This section requires expansion.

In 1972, the Mit Ghamr Savings project became part of Nasr Social Bank which, currently, is still in business in Egypt. In 1975, the Islamic Development Bank was set up with the mission to provide funding to projects in the member countries.[13] The first modern commercial Islamic bank, Dubai Islamic Bank, opened its doors in 1975. In the early years, the products offered were basic and strongly founded on conventional banking products, but in the last few years the industry is starting to see strong development in new products and services.

Islamic Banking is growing at a rate of 10-15% per year and with signs of consistent future growth.[14] Islamic banks have more than 300 institutions spread over 51 countries, including the United States through companies such as the Michigan-based University Bank, as well as an additional 250 mutual funds that comply with Islamic principles. It is estimated that over US$822 billion worldwide sharia-compliant assets are managed according to The Economist.[15] This represents approximately 0.5% of total world estimated assets as of 2005.[16] According to CIMB Group Holdings, Islamic finance is the fastest-growing segment of the global financial system and sales of Islamic bonds may rise by 24 percent to $25 billion in 2010.[17]

Addressing the Oman Investment Forum in October 2011, all conventional banks in Oman can offer Sharia-based financial services upon approval from the Central Bank of Oman (CBO).[18]

The Vatican has put forward the idea that "the principles of Islamic finance may represent a possible cure for ailing markets."[19]
[edit] Largest Islamic banks
See also: Islamic Development Bank

Shariah-compliant assets reached about $400 billion throughout the world in 2009, according to Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services, and the potential market is $4 trillion.[20][21] Iran, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia have the biggest sharia-compliant assets.[22]

In 2009 Iranian banks accounted for about 40 percent of total assets of the world's top 100 Islamic banks. Bank Melli Iran, with assets of $45.5 billion came first, followed by Saudi Arabia's Al Rajhi Bank, Bank Mellat with $39.7 billion and Bank Saderat Iran with $39.3 billion.[23][24] Iran holds the world's largest level of Islamic finance assets valued at $235.3bn which is more than double the next country in the ranking with $92bn. Six out of ten top Islamic banks in the world are Iranian.[25][26][27] In November 2010, The Banker published its latest authoritative list of the Top 500 Islamic Finance Institutions with Iran topping the list. Seven out of ten top Islamic banks in the world are Iranian according to the list.[28]

Islamic banking has the same purpose as conventional banking: to make money for the banking institute by lending out capital. Because Islam forbids simply lending out money at interest (see riba), Islamic rules on transactions (known as Fiqh al-Muamalat) have been created to avoid this problem. The basic technique to avoid the prohibition is the sharing of profit and loss, via terms such as profit sharing (Mudharabah), safekeeping (Wadiah), joint venture (Musharakah), cost plus (Murabahah), and leasing (Ijar).

In an Islamic mortgage transaction, instead of loaning the buyer money to purchase the item, a bank might buy the item itself from the seller, and re-sell it to the buyer at a profit, while allowing the buyer to pay the bank in installments. However, the bank's profit cannot be made explicit and therefore there are no additional penalties for late payment. In order to protect itself against default, the bank asks for strict collateral. The goods or land is registered to the name of the buyer from the start of the transaction. This arrangement is called Murabahah.

Another approach is EIjara wa EIqtina, which is similar to real estate leasing. Islamic banks handle loans for vehicles in a similar way (selling the vehicle at a higher-than-market price to the debtor and then retaining ownership of the vehicle until the loan is paid).

An innovative approach applied by some banks for home loans, called Musharaka al-Mutanaqisa, allows for a floating rate in the form of rental. The bank and borrower form a partnership entity, both providing capital at an agreed percentage to purchase the property. The partnership entity then rents out the property to the borrower and charges rent. The bank and the borrower will then share the proceeds from this rent based on the current equity share of the partnership. At the same time, the borrower in the partnership entity also buys the bank's share of the property at agreed installments until the full equity is transferred to the borrower and the partnership is ended. If default occurs, both the bank and the borrower receive a proportion of the proceeds from the sale of the property based on each party's current equity. This method allows for floating rates according to the current market rate such as the BLR (base lending rate), especially in a dual-banking system like in Malaysia.

There are several other approaches used in business transactions. Islamic banks lend their money to companies by issuing floating rate interest loans. The floating rate of interest is pegged to the company's individual rate of return. Thus the bank's profit on the loan is equal to a certain percentage of the company's profits. Once the principal amount of the loan is repaid, the profit-sharing arrangement is concluded. This practice is called Musharaka. Further, Mudaraba is venture capital funding of an entrepreneur who provides labor while financing is provided by the bank so that both profit and risk are shared. Such participatory arrangements between capital and labor reflect the Islamic view that the borrower must not bear all the risk/cost of a failure, resulting in a balanced distribution of income and not allowing the lender to monopolize the economy.

Islamic banking is restricted to Islamically acceptable transactions, which exclude those involving alcohol, pork, gambling, etc. The aim of this is to engage in only ethical investing, and moral purchasing. The Islamic Banking and Finance Database provides more information on the subject.[29]

In theory, Islamic banking is an example of full-reserve banking, with banks achieving a 100% reserve ratio.[30] However, in practice, this is not the case, and no examples of 100 per cent reserve banking are observed.[31]

Islamic banks have grown recently in the Muslim world but are a very small share of the global banking system. Micro-lending institutions founded by Muslims, notably Grameen Bank, use conventional lending practices and are popular in some Muslim nations, especially Bangladesh, but some do not consider them true Islamic banking. However, Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank and microfinance banking, and other supporters of microfinance, argue that the lack of collateral and lack of excessive interest in micro-lending is consistent with the Islamic prohibition of usury (riba).[32][33]

Islamic banks and banking institutions that offer Islamic banking products and services (IBS banks) are required to establish a Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB) to advise them and to ensure that the operations and activities of the banking institutions comply with Shariah principles. On the other hand, there are also those who believe that no form of banking that involves interest payments can ever comply with the Shariah.[34]

In Malaysia, the National Shariah Advisory Council, which has been set up at Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), advises BNM on the Shariah aspects of the operations of these institutions and on their products and services. (See: Islamic banking in Malaysia). In Indonesia the Ulama Council serves a similar purpose.

A number of Shariah advisory firms have now emerged to offer Shariah advisory services to the institutions offering Islamic financial services. Issue of independence, impartiality and conflicts of interest have also been recently voiced. The WDIBF World Database for Islamic Banking and Finance has been developed to provide information about all the websites related to this type of banking.[29]

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan issues Islamic Financial Accounting Standards (IFAS) for Islamic Mode of financing. IFAS 1 (issued in 2005) concerns Musharakah and Mudarabah. While, IFAS 2 (issued in 2007) relates to Ijarah.

The term “Islamic banking” refers to a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with Islamic law (Shariah) principles and guided by Islamic economics. In particular, Islamic law prohibits usury, the collection and payment of interest, also commonly called riba in Islamic discourse. In addition, Islamic law prohibits investing in businesses that are considered unlawful, or haraam (such as businesses that sell alcohol or pork, or businesses that produce media such as gossip columns or pornography, which are contrary to Islamic values). Furthermore the Shariah prohibits what is called "Maysir" and "Gharar". Maysir is involved in contracts where the ownership of a good depends on the occurrence of a predetermined, uncertain event in the future whereas Gharar describes speculative transactions. Both concepts involve excessive risk and are supposed to foster uncertainty and fraudlent behaviour. Therefore the use of all conventional derivate instruments is impossible in Islamic banking.[35] In the late 20th century, a number of Islamic banks were created to cater to this particular banking market.

The criticism of usury in Islam was well established during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and reinforced by several of verses in the Qur'an dating back to around 600 AD. The original word used for usury in this text was Riba, which literally means “excess or addition”. This was accepted to refer directly to interest on loans so that, according to Islamic economists Choudhury and Malik (1992), by the time of Caliph Umar, the prohibition of interest was a well-established working principle integrated into the Islamic economic system. This interpretation of usury has not been universally accepted or applied in the Islamic world. A school of Islamic thought which emerged in the 19th Century, led by Sir Sayyed, argues for an interpretative differentiation between usury, or consumptional lending, and interest, or lending for commercial investment (Ahmed, 1958). Nevertheless, Choudhury and Malik provide evidence for “a gradual evolution of the institutions of interest-free financial enterprises across the world” (1992: 104). They cite, for instance, the current existence of financial institutions in Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the Dar-al-Mal-al-Islami in Geneva and Islamic trust companies in North America.
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[edit] Bai' al 'inah (sale and buy-back agreement)

Bai' al inah is a financing facility with the underlying buy and sell transactions between the financier and the customer. The financier buys an asset from the customer on spot basis. The price paid by the financier constitutes the disbursement under the facility. Subsequently the asset is sold to the customer on a deferred-payment basis and the price is payable in installments. The second sale serves to create the obligation on the part of the customer under the facility. There are differences of opinion amongst the scholars on the permissibility of Bai' al 'inah, however this is practised in Malaysia (A set of strict conditions must be complied) and the like jurisdictions.[36][37]
[edit] Bai' bithaman ajil (deferred payment sale)

This concept refers to the sale of goods on a deferred payment basis at a price, which includes a profit margin agreed to by both parties. Like Bai' al 'inah, this concept is also used under an Islamic financing facility. Interest payment can be avoided as the customer is paying the sale price which is not the same as interest charged on a loan. The problem here is that this includes linking two transactions in one which is forbidden in Islam. The common perception is that this is simply straightforward charging of interest disguised as a sale.
[edit] Bai' muajjal (credit sale)

Literally bai' muajjal means a credit sale. Technically, it is a financing technique adopted by Islamic banks that takes the form of murabahah muajjal. It is a contract in which the bank earns a profit margin on the purchase price and allows the buyer to pay the price of the commodity at a future date in a lump sum or in installments. It has to expressly mention cost of the commodity and the margin of profit is mutually agreed. The price fixed for the commodity in such a transaction can be the same as the spot price or higher or lower than the spot price. Bai' muajjal is also called a deferred-payment sale. However, one of the essential descriptions of riba is an unjustified delay in payment or either increasing or decreasing the price if the payment is immediate or delayed.
[edit] Musharakah

Musharakah (joint venture) is an agreement between two or more partners, whereby each partner provides funds to be used in a venture. Profits made are shared between the partners according to the invested capital. In case of loss, no partner loses capital in the same ratio. If the Bank provides capital, the same conditions apply. It is this financial risk, according to the Shariah, that justifies the bank's claim to part of the profit. Each partner may or may not participate in carrying out the business. A working partner gets a greater profit share compared to a sleeping (non-working) partner. The difference between Musharaka and Madharaba is that, in Musharaka, each partner contributes some capital, whereas in Madharaba, one partner, e.g. A financial institution, provides all the capital and the other partner, the entrepreneur, provides no capital. Note that Musharaka and Madharaba commonly overlap.[38]
[edit] Mudarabah

"Mudarabah" is a special kind of partnership where one partner gives money to another for investing it in a commercial enterprise. The capital investment comes from the first partner, who is called the "rabb-ul-mal", while the management and work is the exclusive responsibility of the other party, who is called the "mudarib".

The Mudarabah (Profit Sharing) is a contract, with one party providing 100 percent of the capital and the other party providing its specialist knowledge to invest the capital and manage the investment project. Profits generated are shared between the parties according to a pre-agreed ratio. Compared to Musharaka, in a Mudaraba only the lender of the money ("rabb-ul-mal") may incur a loss.
[edit] Murabahah
Main article: Murabahah

This concept refers to the sale of goods at a price, which includes a profit margin agreed to by both parties. The purchase and selling price, other costs, and the profit margin must be clearly stated at the time of the sale agreement. The bank is compensated for the time value of its money in the form of the profit margin. This is a fixed-income loan for the purchase of a real asset (such as real estate or a vehicle), with a fixed rate of profit determined by the profit margin. The bank is not compensated for the time value of money outside of the contracted term (i.e., the bank cannot charge additional profit on late payments); however, the asset remains as a mortgage with the bank until the default is settled.

This type of transaction is similar to rent-to-own arrangements for furniture or appliances that are common in North American stores.
Musawamah

Musawamah is the negotiation of a selling price between two parties without reference by the seller to either costs or asking price. While the seller may or may not have full knowledge of the cost of the item being negotiated, they are under no obligation to reveal these costs as part of the negotiation process. This difference in obligation by the seller is the key distinction between Murabahah and Musawamah with all other rules as described in Murabahah remaining the same. Musawamah is the most common type of trading negotiation seen in Islamic commerce.
[edit] Bai Salam

Bai salam means a contract in which advance payment is made for goods to be delivered later on. The seller undertakes to supply some specific goods to the buyer at a future date in exchange of an advance price fully paid at the time of contract. It is necessary that the quality of the commodity intended to be purchased is fully specified leaving no ambiguity leading to dispute. The objects of this sale are goods and cannot be gold, silver, or currencies based on these metals. Barring this, Bai Salam covers almost everything that is capable of being definitely described as to quantity, quality, and workmanship.
[edit] Basic features and conditions of Salam

The transaction is considered Salam if the buyer has paid the purchase price to the seller in full at the time of sale. This is necessary so that the buyer can show that they are not entering into debt with a second party in order to eliminate the debt with the first party, an act prohibited under Sharia. The idea of Salam is normally different from the other either in its quality or in its size or weight and their exact specification is not generally possible.
Salam cannot be effected on a particular commodity or on a product of a particular field or farm. For example, if the seller undertakes to supply the wheat of a particular field, or the fruit of a particular tree, the salam will not be valid, because there is a possibility that the crop of that particular field or the fruit of that tree is destroyed before delivery, and, given such possibility, the delivery remains uncertain. The same rule is applicable to every commodity the supply of which is not certain.
It is necessary that the quality of the commodity (intended to be purchased through salam) is fully specified leaving no ambiguity which may lead to a dispute. All the possible details in this respect must be expressly mentioned.
It is also necessary that the quantity of the commodity is agreed upon in unequivocal terms. If the commodity is quantified in weights according to the usage of its traders, its weight must be determined, and if it is quantified through measures, its exact measure should be known. What is normally weighed cannot be quantified in measures and vice versa.
The exact date and place of delivery must be specified in the contract.
Salam cannot be effected in respect of things which must be delivered at spot. For example, if gold is purchased in exchange of silver, it is necessary, according to Shari'ah, that the delivery of both be simultaneous. Here, salam cannot work. Similarly, if wheat is bartered for barley, the simultaneous delivery of both is necessary for the validity of sale. Therefore the contract of salam in this case is not allowed.
This is the most preferred financing structure and carries higher order Shariah compliance.

[edit] Hibah (gift)

This is a token given voluntarily by a debtor to a debitor in return for a loan. Hibah usually arises in practice when Islamic banks voluntarily pay their customers a 'gift' on savings account balances, representing a portion of the profit made by using those savings account balances in other activities.

It is important to note that while it appears similar to interest, and may, in effect, have the same outcome, Hibah is a voluntary payment made (or not made) at the bank's discretion, and cannot be 'guaranteed.'{akin to Dividends earned by Shares, however it is not time bound but is at the bank's discretion) However, the opportunity of receiving high Hibah will draw in customers' savings, providing the bank with capital necessary to create its profits; if the ventures are profitable, then some of those profits may be gifted back to its customers as Hibah.[39]
[edit] Ijarah

Ijarah means lease, rent or wage. Generally, the Ijarah concept refers to selling the benefit of use or service for a fixed price or wage. Under this concept, the Bank makes available to the customer the use of service of assets / equipments such as plant, office automation, motor vehicle for a fixed period and price.
[edit] Ijarah thumma al bai' (hire purchase)

Parties enter into contracts that come into effect serially, to form a complete lease/ buyback transaction. The first contract is an Ijarah that outlines the terms for leasing or renting over a fixed period, and the second contract is a Bai that triggers a sale or purchase once the term of the Ijarah is complete. For example, in a car financing facility, a customer enters into the first contract and leases the car from the owner (bank) at an agreed amount over a specific period. When the lease period expires, the second contract comes into effect, which enables the customer to purchase the car at an agreed to price.

The bank generates a profit by determining in advance the cost of the item, its residual value at the end of the term and the time value or profit margin for the money being invested in purchasing the product to be leased for the intended term. The combining of these three figures becomes the basis for the contract between the Bank and the client for the initial lease contract.

This type of transaction is similar to the contractum trinius, a legal maneuver used by European bankers and merchants during the Middle Ages to sidestep the Church's prohibition on interest bearing loans. In a contractum, two parties would enter into three concurrent and interrelated legal contracts, the net effect being the paying of a fee for the use of money for the term of the loan. The use of concurrent interrelated contracts is also prohibited under Shariah Law.
[edit] Ijarah-wal-iqtina

A contract under which an Islamic bank provides equipment, building, or other assets to the client against an agreed rental together with a unilateral undertaking by the bank or the client that at the end of the lease period, the ownership in the asset would be transferred to the lessee. The undertaking or the promise does not become an integral part of the lease contract to make it conditional. The rentals as well as the purchase price are fixed in such manner that the bank gets back its principal sum along with profit over the period of lease.
[edit] Musharakah (joint venture)

Musharakah is a relationship between two parties or more that contribute capital to a business and divide the net profit and loss pro rata. This is often used in investment projects, letters of credit, and the purchase or real estate or property. In the case of real estate or property, the bank assess an imputed rent and will share it as agreed in advance.[38] All providers of capital are entitled to participate in management, but not necessarily required to do so. The profit is distributed among the partners in pre-agreed ratios, while the loss is borne by each partner strictly in proportion to respective capital contributions. This concept is distinct from fixed-income investing (i.e. issuance of loans).[citation needed]
[edit] Qard hassan/ Qardul hassan (good loan/benevolent loan)

This is a loan extended on a goodwill basis, and the debtor is only required to repay the amount borrowed. However, the debtor may, at his or her discretion, pay an extra amount beyond the principal amount of the loan (without promising it) as a token of appreciation to the creditor. In the case that the debtor does not pay an extra amount to the creditor, this transaction is a true interest-free loan. Some Muslims consider this to be the only type of loan that does not violate the prohibition on riba, since it is the one type of loan that truly does not compensate the creditor for the time value of money.[40]
[edit] Sukuk (Islamic bonds)
Main article: Sukuk

Sukuk, plural of صك Sakk, is the Arabic name for financial certificates that are the Islamic equivalent of bonds. However, fixed-income, interest-bearing bonds are not permissible in Islam. Hence, Sukuk are securities that comply with the Islamic law (Shariah) and its investment principles, which prohibit the charging or paying of interest. Financial assets that comply with the Islamic law can be classified in accordance with their tradability and non-tradability in the secondary markets.
Takaful (Islamic insurance)
Main article: Takaful

Takaful is an alternative form of cover that a Muslim can avail himself against the risk of loss due to misfortunes. Takaful is based on the idea that what is uncertain with respect to an individual may cease to be uncertain with respect to a very large number of similar individuals. Insurance by combining the risks of many people enables each individual to enjoy the advantage provided by the law of large numbers. See Takaful for details.
[edit] Wadiah (safekeeping)

In Wadiah, a bank is deemed as a keeper and trustee of funds. A person deposits funds in the bank and the bank guarantees refund of the entire amount of the deposit, or any part of the outstanding amount, when the depositor demands it. The depositor, at the bank's discretion, may be rewarded with Hibah (see above) as a form of appreciation for the use of funds by the bank.
[edit] Wakalah (power of attorney)

This occurs when a person appoints a representative to undertake transactions on his/her behalf, similar to a power of attorney.
Main article: Sharia investments

Islamic investment equity funds market is one of the fastest-growing sectors within the Islamic financial system. Currently, there are approximately 100 Islamic equity funds worldwide. The total assets managed through these funds currently exceed US$5 billion and is growing by 12–15% per annum. With the continuous interest in the Islamic financial system, there are positive signs that more funds will be launched. Some Western majors have just joined the fray or are thinking of launching similar Islamic equity products.

Despite these successes, this market has seen a record of poor marketing as emphasis is on products and not on addressing the needs of investors. Over the last few years, quite a number of funds have closed down. Most of the funds tend to target high net worth individuals and corporate institutions, with minimum investments ranging from US$50,000 to as high as US$1 million. Target markets for Islamic funds vary, some cater for their local markets, e.g., Malaysia and Gulf-based investment funds. Others clearly target the Middle East and Gulf regions, neglecting local markets and have been accused of failing to serve Muslim communities.

Since the launch of Islamic equity funds in the early 1990s, there has been the establishment of credible equity benchmarks by Dow Jones Islamic market index (Dow Jones Indexes pioneered Islamic investment indexing in 1999) and the FTSE Global Islamic Index Series. The Web site failaka.com monitors the performance of Islamic equity funds and provide a comprehensive list of the Islamic funds worldwide.
See also: Financial derivatives

With help of Bahrain-based International Islamic Financial Market and New York-based International Swaps and Derivatives Association, global standards for Islamic derivatives were set in 2010. The “Hedging Master Agreement” provides a structure under which institutions can trade derivatives such as profit-rate and currency swaps.[17]

The Qur'an prohibits gambling (games of chance involving money). The hadith, in addition to prohibiting gambling (games of chance), also prohibits bayu al-gharar (trading in risk, where the Arabic word gharar is taken to mean "risk" or excessive uncertainty).

The Hanafi madhab (legal school) in Islam defines gharar as "that whose consequences are hidden." The Shafi legal school defined gharar as "that whose nature and consequences are hidden" or "that which admits two possibilities, with the less desirable one being more likely." The Hanbali school defined it as "that whose consequences are unknown" or "that which is undeliverable, whether it exists or not." Ibn Hazm of the Zahiri school wrote "Gharar is where the buyer does not know what he bought, or the seller does not know what he sold." The modern scholar of Islam, Professor Mustafa Al-Zarqa, wrote that "Gharar is the sale of probable items whose existence or characteristics are not certain, due to the risky nature that makes the trade similar to gambling." Other modern scholars, such as Dr. Sami al-Suwailem, have used Game Theory to try and reach a more measured definition of Gharar, defining it as "a zero-sum game with unequal payoffs".[41]

There are a number of hadith that forbid trading in gharar, often giving specific examples of gharhar transactions (e.g., selling the birds in the sky or the fish in the water, the catch of the diver, an unborn calf in its mother's womb etc.). Jurists have sought many complete definitions of the term. They also came up with the concept of yasir (minor risk); a financial transaction with a minor risk is deemed to be halal (permissible) while trading in non-minor risk (bayu al-ghasar) is deemed to be haram.[42]

What gharar is, exactly, was never fully decided upon by the Muslim jurists. This was mainly due to the complication of having to decide what is and is not a minor risk. Derivatives instruments (such as stock options) have only become common relatively recently. Some Islamic banks do provide brokerage services for stock trading.

Microfinance is a key concern for Muslims states and recently Islamic banks also. Microfinance is ideologically compatible with Islamic finance, capable of Shariah-compliancy, and possesses a sizeable potential market. Islamic microfinance tools can enhance security of tenure and contribute to transformation of lives of the poor.[43] The use of interest found in conventional microfinance products and services can easily be avoided by creating microfinance hybrids delivered on the basis of the Islamic contracts of mudaraba, musharaka, and murabahah. Already, several microfinance institutions (MFIs) such as FINCA Afghanistan have introduced Islamic-compliant financial instruments that accommodate sharia criteria.

In Islamabad, Pakistan, on June 16, 2004: Members of leading Islamist political party in Pakistan, the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) party, staged a protest walkout from the National Assembly of Pakistan against what they termed derogatory remarks by a minority member on interest banking:

Taking part in the budget debate, M.P. Bhindara, a minority MNA [Member of the National Assembly]...referred to a decree by an Al-Azhar University's scholar that bank interest was not un-Islamic. He said without interest the country could not get foreign loans and could not achieve the desired progress. A pandemonium broke out in the house over his remarks as a number of MMA members...rose from their seats in protest and tried to respond to Mr Bhindara's observations. However, they were not allowed to speak on a point of order that led to their walkout.... Later, the opposition members were persuaded by a team of ministers...to return to the house...the government team accepted the right of the MMA to respond to the minority member's remarks.... Sahibzada Fazal Karim said the Council of Islamic ideology had decreed that interest in all its forms was haram in an Islamic society. Hence, he said, no member had the right to negate this settled issue.[44]

Some Islamic banks charge for the time value of money, the common economic definition of Interest (Riba). These institutions are criticized in some quarters of the Muslim community for their lack of strict adherence to Sharia.

The concept of Ijarah is used by some Islamic Banks (the Islami Bank in Bangladesh, for example) to apply to the use of money instead of the more accepted application of supplying goods or services using money as a vehicle. A fixed fee is added to the amount of the loan that must be paid to the bank regardless if the loan generates a return on investment or not. The reasoning is that if the amount owed does not change over time, it is profit and not interest and therefore acceptable under Sharia.

Islamic banks are also criticized by some for not applying the principle of Mudarabah in an acceptable manner. Where Mudarabah stresses the sharing of risk, critics point out that these banks are eager to take part in profit-sharing but they have little tolerance for risk. To some in the Muslim community, these banks may be conforming to the strict legal interpretations of Sharia but avoid recognizing the intent that made the law necessary in the first place.[citation needed]

The majority of Islamic banking clients are found in the Gulf states and in developed countries. With 60% of Muslims living in poverty[citation needed], Islamic banking is of little benefit to the general population. The majority of financial institutions that offer Islamic banking services are majority owned by Non-Muslims. With Muslims working within these organizations being employed in the marketing of these services and having little input into the actual day to day management, the veracity of these institutions and their services are viewed with suspicion. One Malaysian Bank offering Islamic based investment funds was found to have the majority of these funds invested in the gaming industry; the managers administering these funds were non Muslim.[44] These types of stories contribute to the general impression within the Muslim populace that Islamic banking is simply another means for banks to increase profits through growth of deposits and that only the rich derive benefits from implementation of Islamic Banking principles.

Hence, the controversy that surrounds Islamic Banking continues. The question of whether or not Islamic banking really is Islamic is still a matter of debate among the Muslim academia.

Farm aid: keep america growing

Dear Terry Welch,

Welcome to Farm Aid! All of us here at Farm Aid welcome you to our active community. Whether you're a farmer, a music lover, or someone who cares about good food and family farmers, Farm Aid has something for you.

Neil Young, John Mellencamp, Dave Matthews and I serve on the Farm Aid board because we believe that when family farmers thrive, we all do. Family farmers treat their land with respect and grow the kind of good, fresh food that we all want. And successful farms strengthen their communities—they are the true economic engines of our country.

We've come so far in the past 26 years — we've created and grown the Good Food Movement, and have helped countless family farmers survive and thrive through our programs and grants. Thanks to supporters like you, Farm Aid has inspired more people to care about where their food comes from and who grows it.

Here's what we've recently accomplished with the help of our members:

Demanding action on the dairy crisis. Dairy farms across the country are in a downward spiral – family dairy farmers aren't being paid what it truly costs to produce their milk due to a federal pricing system prone to manipulation, import loopholes, and other factors. Nearly 9,000 people like you have joined Farm Aid in calling on the USDA to set a fair price for dairy that will give farmers a decent shot at making a living.
Stopping factory farms. Factory farms pose a real danger to our communities, our natural resources, and the livelihood of hardworking family farmers. Thousands of people have already signed on to our letter telling Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack to stop using taxpayer money to prop up factory farms.
Speaking out against corporate concentration. Corporate concentration puts the control of our food into the hands of a few companies and forces farmers out of business and off the land. Thankfully this issue, which Farm Aid has been working on for years, is finally getting attention.

But too many family farmers are still struggling. That's why I want to ask if you'll take the next step to help keep family farmers on their land by becoming a member of Farm Aid.

Thanks again for being a part of the Farm Aid community, and stay tuned — we'll be keeping you updated with farm and food stories, helpful news and ways you can help family farmers.

Stay strong and positive,

Willie Nelson signature
Willie Nelson

PS: We're so glad you've gotten involved with Farm Aid. If you're able, please consider making a tax-deductible donation to support our work. Every penny makes a difference for family farmers. Thanks for your support.

Thursday, March 22, 2012

The Irish bank strikes between 1966 and 1976 were three strikes of about a years total duration which closed down all the clearing banks in the Republic of Ireland. The strikes provided economists a unique opportunity to study the functioning of a modern economy without access to bank deposits.[1]

The strikes affected all the associated banks which comprise of the Bank of Ireland, the Allied Irish Banks, the Northern Bank and the Ulster Bank. The strikes lasted from:

May 7 – July 30 1966
May 1 – November 17, 1970
June 28 – September 6, 1976

The longest strike was of six months in 1970. The Central Bank made limited facilities available to non-associated banks to issue cash. Not just financial transactions were affected, many property deals were also affected because the documents were kept in the banks.[2] The country came through reasonably well in business terms despite the bank strike, a large firm Palgrave Murphy failed when the strike ended and settlements were made but its failure was probably inevitable anyway. The strike had little effect on the main economic concerns which were unemployment and industrial unrest caused by inflation.[3]
[edit] References

^ Antoine E. Murphy (March 1978). "Money in an economy without banks: The case of Ireland". The Manchester School 46 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1978.tb00151.x.
^ "How six-month bank strike rocked the nation". Irish Independent. December 29 1999.
^ Brendan Keenan (August 05 2010). "It's 1970: Industrial unrest and a jobless rate of 7pc are key concerns". Irish Independent.

Saturday, March 3, 2012

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To Whom It May Concern

We make the beginning system 's in the USA we ship any chemcial systems that you can add to your own products with science real science done by governments lab 's for the planet and for people . You do not have to worry just tell us how much of your product you like to make

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The in ingredient is all you have to add to your label ( like a product add vi e , ) . Ayterion is a ingredient so the cost is very little under a nickel in larger cases one cents or under a penny

Wednesday, February 22, 2012

The night Stop watching these children from England , Germany working with Eric Ekvall , UK Tank Park and Aydu Elix Dead Beat DadIt is illegal to watch children these children at least 90 of them are all under age . Working with All -State , John Marshall Law School or Storrs in Saudi Arabia using me or my contacts Remote Viewer Eric Ekvall , Micheal Rowen , Brando Cripi , Blue Cross , Northwester to steal what wwe created is spying and worst in my home these children are under age

Friday, February 17, 2012

Terry Welch Al-Shhri

Kathy Welch Storrs and Gerry Welch

Thursday, February 16, 2012

Do you know what Skull and Bones did here in Chicago , Illinois with Roderick Mount Batten , Jasper Mountbatten Paul X Box Tank Park , Torrence boy toy James UOI Torrence my neighbor and who is the people on the latters I will send James Mundo , Terri Mundo James Father Coke . See Italy American passport Northern Pita village of Paul American rich guy who paid for design and gave big tin pot to Terri M undo Torrence .

I told her and Coke to be the cook their her water mellen with fruit in the middle . All so with
Robin Dance student front for the Skull and Bones money op because I asked for Anne to go there .

I asked Delia who son is in the British school in Chicago . I called them they went there to say that I am a what terror or what you pig race profile .

Michael "Mick" Collins (Irish: Míċeál Ó Coileáin;[1] 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922)

Michael "Mick" Collins (Irish: Míċeál Ó Coileáin;[1] 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance and Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork South in the First Dáil of 1919, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. Subsequently, he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the National Army.[2] Throughout this time, at least as of 1919, he was also President of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and, therefore, under the bylaws of the Brotherhood,

President of the Irish Republic. Collins was shot and killed in August 1922, during the Irish Civil War.

Although most Irish political parties recognize his contribution to the foundation of the modern Irish state, supporters of Fine Gael hold his memory in particular esteem, regarding him as their movement's founding father, through his link to their precursor Cumann na Ngaliema.